(12/19/25) Chronic Kidney Disease
Overview:
Chronic Kidney Disease, or CKD, is a condition when the kidneys become damaged over time. The kidneys perform many important functions in the body such as:
- Removing waste and water from the body
- Making red blood cells
- Balancing minerals in the body, such as Potassium, Sodium, and Phosphorus
- Maintaining blood pressure
When kidney function declines, it is harder for them to perform these functions.
CKD is diagnosed by looking at glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the urine albumin-creatinine ratio (uACR) over a period of three months. There are six “stages” of CKD: Stage 1, 2, 3a, 3b, 4 and 5. Treatment decisions change depending on the stage of CKD.
Causes:
There are many risk factors for CKD, including:
- Diabetes
- High Blood Pressure
- Obesity
- Heart disease
- Genetic risk factors
- Acute kidney injury
- Smoking
Symptoms:
Many people with CKD have no symptoms at all. Other signs and symptoms include:
- Foamy urine
- Blood in urine
- Increased urinary frequency
- Swollen hands/ feet
- Fatigue
Nutrition:
Changes in kidney function impact dietary requirements. Nutrition recommendations vary depending on what stage of CKD someone has, whether they are on dialysis or not, and the levels of certain nutrients in their blood. It is best for people with CKD to work with a dietitian for individualized guidance on what foods to include/ avoid, and to follow up regularly with a doctor/ nephrologist for bloodwork.
Foods to limit/ avoid with all stages of CKD:
- Sodium intake should be at or below 2,300 mg per day.
- Sugar intake should be limited as much as possible, especially for those with diabetes and CKD.
- Protein needs vary depending on the stage of kidney disease. It's best to work with your Dietitian/Nutritionist to determine your individualized protein needs.
- Some people with CKD may need to limit their fluid intake. Your doctor can provide a recommendation for fluid intake.
Nutrition and Lifestyle Tips for CKD:
- Avoid adding sodium and sugar to meals. Season foods with culinary herbs and spices. Be careful of salt substitutes if you are on a low potassium diet.
- Eating more plant-based foods like vegetables and whole grains instead of red meat can help prevent and slow kidney disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease.
- The Mediterranean and DASH diets are good options for those with CKD.
- Avoid sugary beverages and choose plain water, seltzers, and unsweetened beverages whenever possible.
- Exercise offers many benefits for people with CKD.
Fun Fact:
Diabetes is the top cause of kidney failure.
Sources:
Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | National Kidney Foundation
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) - Symptoms, causes, treatment | National Kidney Foundation
https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/quick-kidney-disease-facts-and-stats)
